Weightlessnes, Muscles, Radiation
In order for human to venture into space, they must be provided an environment where life can be sustained
and thus, in the rocket, we must creates a environment.
Stability
Stability is required to do useful work in space. This is important becuase in space, if one tries to for example to turn a screwdriver, instead of turning the tool
they themselve, if unstable if turn instead, and this is why stability is imporant; to be able to grip and move / transition through doing work with ease.
Training
Most training were dealt under water, as it simulated a similar environment as vacuum.
Experiments done in space, with mircogravity, are different to experiments conducted on Earth.
Examples of this is due to the different weight and gravitational affects.
Humans in space (subjected in Microgravity) move by using using their hands to move and orietate in space. This required an object where the hands can exert and hold
to control the motion.
Hence if a human was in microgravity without any objects and couldn't use their hands, how do they move?
The use of angular momentum to orientate the position of humans if possible by the conversation of angular momentum in which they are require to create a repeating motion
to move upon their axis. Either rotating motion of the hands or feet .
The Circulatory System is what allows blood to flow through our body
and provide warmth and energy for our muscle and create movements. They also provide blood
to the brain that makes one conscious.
Blood brings nutrients from our body and provide them to the different cells,
including oxygen, and the release of carbon dioxide.
Blood Pressure is important, as low blood pressure can cause an increase in
heart rate and blood flows, but however in space, the blood pressure will remain distributed
throughour the body.
A Baroreflex is a mechanism that help maintain a constant blood pressure in the blood,
but at space, the Baroreflex senses doesn't regularly get excercise due the the constant blood
pressure up in space. Hence, when an astronauts come back to Earth, the will suffer light-head
and dizziness or the inability to thinking, is because due the Baroreflex not function for a
long duration of time, unlike, humans on Earth.
Humans have a one way valve system that help maintain the blood flow following up
into other parts of the body, whilst the gravity assist it on pulling the blood down.
This is important, to maintain the right distribution of blood throughout the blood.
In relation to this system, in space, the one way valve system functions normally pushing
the blood in the vein up, however, since the no gravity is acting upon the blood to pull it down
the blood is accumlated on top, and hence it feel like being upside down, due to the large
amount of blood located in the upper body, and in the brain. With all this blood in the head,
carptid pressure sensors detects that there is too much fluid and thus, a lot of diposal
through urinating helps release the fluid, and thus, the astronauts lose a lot of the fluid,
which decrease the heart and volume of muscles.
This is a problem if not maintain, as when coming back to Earth, all the blood will rush
into the lower parts of the body, and leaving the upon part, a lack of fluid and hence,
the astronauts feel bad
When coming, to maintain our health from fainting due to the lack of blood, astronauts,
prepare beforehand by:
3 Types of Muscles:
We must undergoes Training which increases our muscle fibres and enlarge our muscle and power.
However, for motion and training there are two type of muscles. Usually the slow moving muscles and the fast moving muscles
In order for astronauts to safe health and have the power and endurance, they must undergoes regular excercise for roughly 3 hrs everyday.
Bones, are structures that enables humans to have upright posture and move around by signaling our brains to move the bones. Bones contain mostly of calcium and in space the the human bones would change to adapt to the microgravity environment. That is our calcium metabolism that affects these changes. Bones Changes Bones are not static piece in our body. They are living tisues and will grow. Thus bones contain cells that help remodel and process the living bone tissue Osteoclasts are cells that crash and dissolve the bone tissue, whereas, Osteoblasts are cells that create and builds the bone tissues. Bones are active, and when ever the bones are not using energy or placed in stress, it decides that the calcium is not needed and hence osteaclast removes the tissues. This is common in space, as in space, everything is weightless and no energy is required to move, and thus, the bones in astronauts, they suffer bone loss. A bone loss leads to osteopenia or osteoporosis where the osteoclast of the bone tissue, occurs more frequently, that the osteoblast can't maintain a healthy bone. The best ways to prvent this, is regular excercise, intaking anti-osteoporosis medication and vitamin D (contains Calcium)products.
The brain provides the human with sense, which in space, are required to locate the position and direction.
The vestibular system can include our eyes and ears which help us with our senses.
Ear
Semicircular Canals
These are located in the inner ear, consisting of three loops (Horizontal, Anterior, Posterior), that always for the senses of all three axis.
When a human is rotating, there are hair inside the loops that sense the motion and hence be able to detect an accelerating motion.
Otoliths
These are also located in the inner and contains hair, which have tiny bones at the end of them. When one accelerate or move, then the hair and bones push back
and that how we can determince linear acceleration.
In space, another aspect is out eyes, and our visual sense to percieve, up and down. Astronauts in space are always rotatating, and this create an illusion, at one phrase
they are hanging upside with Earth at the feets, but another time, they are another side, as EArth is on top of them. The eyes, can trick humans from seeing upside down objects
more differently, and difficultly.
Space Motion Sickness, occurs as the sense and tilt transition is messed up, due to the dissimilar sense when on Earth.
Radiation are harmful to humans, specially those will high frquency, and high penetrating power.
Since on Earth, it's magnetic field, and ozone layer, protects use form the harmful radiation from the star, but in space, astronauts are exposure with no Earth's protection.
Solar Particle Events (SPE)
Radiation in space is the emmission of star and exploding objects. The most common
radiation is from the Sun, and its emission of solar flare, which release
protons, travelling through the solar system. This is a more less of a threat,
as our Earth's magnetic field, shields our by deflecting the proton, as a charge
particle in a magnetic field bend.
Galactic Cosmic Radiation (GCR)
A more serious type of radiation, is GCR, that are produced from super nova,
and explosion in outer space. These release of elements can be harmful as the
Earth's magnetic field is to weak and the only thing protecting is the galaxy's magnetic field.
ALSO NOTE: Van allen Belt
The amount of Radiation given is measurement is in terms of GRAY or REM
GRAY = 100 joules/kilogram = 100rads
the Quality Factor (QF) is level of dangerous in emission of radiation.
X-rays and Gammas = QF 1 (Not that serious)
Neutrons = QF 2.5
Higher energy Neutrons and Protons = QF 10 (More Serious)
Alpha, Gamma = QF 20 (Very Dangerous)
Radiation in space is uncertain and the only data humans contain of radiation is from the nuclear power failures in Cherynbol and Fukashima.
Protection
Shielding from (SPE) can be dealt by through a thin sheet of lead.
However, for against more harmful radiation through (GCR), the radiation releasing nucleuis will have a worse effect by shielding with lead, as spallation
of more difficult type of necleus is release posing more risk of harm.
That is why satellites or drones, rovers, are placed with a water shielding, contain hydrogen, water, polyethylene
INTERESTING COMPLEX INFORMATION: Bystander radiation derives from a cell being targeted with radiation, yet the surrounding cells are affected with the radiation, through intercellular effects. (Complexed to understand)